On November 20, 2025, U.S. District Judge William Orrick ruled the Trump administration's policy of deporting noncitizens for pro-Palestinian speech is unconstitutional.
The Supreme Court held in Bridges v. Wixon (1945) that the First Amendment protects noncitizens present in the United States.
Secretary of State Marco Rubio invoked a rarely used 1952 immigration provision allowing deportation of noncitizens whose presence poses 'adverse foreign policy consequences.'
Columbia graduate Mahmoud Khalil, a legal permanent resident, was detained by ICE in March 2025 over his role in campus protests and held for more than three months.
There are roughly 1.1 million international students in the U.S., according to the 2024 Open Doors report from the Institute of International Education.