The facts
The Trump administration on September 9, 2025 proposed a census that would count only U.S. citizens and lawful permanent residents.
The 14th Amendment requires apportionment based on 'the whole number of persons in each State,' not just citizens.
In 2019, the Supreme Court blocked the Trump administration from adding a citizenship question to the 2020 census in a 5-4 ruling.
Census counts determine the allocation of 435 House seats and roughly $2.8 trillion in federal funding each year, per GAO estimates.
An estimated 21.8 million noncitizens lived in the U.S. as of 2023, concentrated in states like California, Texas, Florida, and New York.
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Should the U.S. Census count only citizens and legal residents?
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