Explains The Paradox
It helps explain why voters can rate Congress as a whole poorly while still re-electing their own representative.
In plain English
Once someone wins a seat in Congress, it's usually much easier for them to win again than for a newcomer to beat them.
Simple example
In recent election cycles, House incumbents seeking re-election have won more than 90% of their races, even in years when overall approval of Congress polled below 25%.
Why it matters
What the term actually changes.
Shapes Competition
High re-election rates mean relatively few seats are truly competitive, concentrating campaign spending and attention on a small number of districts.
How it works
The mechanics, in practice.
Built-In Resources
Incumbents have official staff, taxpayer-funded communications, and established donor networks that challengers typically lack.
Constituent Services
Helping voters with federal agencies and securing local projects can build personal loyalty that crosses party lines.
District Familiarity
Years of media coverage and campaigning give incumbents name recognition that new candidates must spend heavily to match.