As of 2025, more than 25 states had enacted laws restricting transgender athletes from competing on sports teams matching their gender identity, according to the Movement Advancement Project.
The Supreme Court agreed to hear cases from West Virginia and Idaho challenging state laws that bar transgender girls and women from female school sports teams.
Supporters of the laws argue they preserve competitive fairness and safety in female athletics based on physiological differences tied to male puberty.
Opponents argue the laws violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Title IX, which prohibits sex-based discrimination in federally funded education programs.
In June 2025, the Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in United States v. Skrmetti to uphold a Tennessee law restricting certain gender-transition medical treatments for minors.