Who really decides
In one-party districts, the small share of voters who turn out for primaries effectively chooses the officeholder.
In plain English
When parties pick their nominees.
Before the main election, each party holds its own contest to pick who will represent it on the November ballot.
Simple example
In many safely partisan congressional districts, the primary effectively decides who will hold the seat — the general election is a formality.
Why it matters
What the term actually changes.
Polarization debate
Because primary electorates lean more ideological, candidates often campaign to the base first and the middle second.
How it works
The mechanics, in practice.
Open vs. closed
Closed primaries restrict voting to registered party members; open primaries let any voter pick a party ballot.
Setting the matchup
Winners from each party advance to the general election — some states instead send the top two finishers regardless of party.
Related guide
How would ranked-choice voting change federal elections?
A look at how ranked-choice voting works, where it is used, and what would have to happen for it to replace plurality voting in U.S. House, Senate, and presidential races.
Read the guide → Related issue brief
Should ranked-choice voting replace plurality voting in federal elections?
Advocates say ranking candidates produces majority winners and broader appeal; opponents say the system adds complexity and delays without clear benefits.
Read the brief →You’ve learned the term. Now vote.
Should ranked-choice voting replace plurality voting in federal elections?
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