The 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) limited Iran's uranium enrichment to 3.67 percent for 15 years in exchange for sanctions relief.
The United States withdrew from the JCPOA in May 2018 and reimposed sanctions under a 'maximum pressure' campaign.
The International Atomic Energy Agency reported in 2024 that Iran had enriched uranium to 60 percent purity, near weapons-grade levels of 90 percent.
Supporters of direct talks argue diplomacy is the only verified path to constraining Iran's program; critics argue negotiations legitimize the regime and provide sanctions relief without ending enrichment.
The United States and Iran have not had formal diplomatic relations since 1980, and recent talks have been conducted indirectly through Oman and other intermediaries.